5/27/98
Solar sounds inspire music
Kosovichev is a senior research scientist and a member of Stanford's Solar Oscillations Investigation, a team of scientists who are studying new information about the sun. Their data come from a powerful instrument on board the Solar and Heliospheric Observer, a spacecraft built by the European Space Agency and NASA that is sitting at a point about 930,000 miles sunward from Earth.
The instrument -- a Michelson Doppler Imager -- measures the vertical motion of the sun's surface in unprecedented detail. It does so at a million points at once and can detect surface movements as slow as a millimeter per second.
Kosovichev found a simple way to convert these data into the audible range. He simply sped up 40 days of solar data by a factor of 42,000. He posted the results of this experiment on a web page: http://quake.Stanford.EDU:80/~sasha/SOUNDS/sounds.html.
Stephen Taylor, an assistant professor of music at Illinois State University, was composing a wind ensemble piece called Shattering Suns when he heard Kosovichev's sound clip. "This deep, throbbing sound makes the sun come alive for me, and helped inspire the third movement, 'The Heart of the Sun,' " he says.
Excerpts from his work, along with some of the images and drawings that inspired it, are available at Taylor's website: http://www.orat.ilstu.edu/~staylor/suns/.
NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC
Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD
May 27, 1998
Dr. Alexander G. Kosovichev, a senior research scientist from Stanford University, and Dr. Valentina V. Zharkova from Glasgow (United Kingdom) University found the tell-tale seismic signature in data on the Sun's surface. The data was collected by the Michelson Doppler Imager onboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) spacecraft immediately following a moderate-sized flare on July 9, 1996.
"Although the flare was a moderate one, it still released an immense amount of energy," said Dr. Craig Deforest, a researcher with the SOHO project. "The energy released is equal to completely covering the Earth's continents with a yard of dynamite and detonating it all at once."
SOHO is a joint project of the European Space Agency and NASA. The finding is reported in the May 28 issue of the journal Nature, and will be the subject of a press conference at the spring meeting of the American Geophysical Union in Boston, MA, May 27 at 9 a.m. EDT.
The solar quake that the science team recorded looks much like ripples spreading from a rock dropped into a pool of water. But over the course of an hour, the solar waves traveled for a distance equal to 10 Earth diameters before fading into the fiery background of the Sun's photosphere. Unlike water ripples that travel outward at a constant velocity, the solar waves accelerated from an initial speed of 22,000 miles per hour to a maximum of 250,000 miles per hour before disappearing.
"People have looked for evidence of seismic waves from flares before, but they didn't have a theory so they didn't know where to look," says Kosovichev.
Several years ago Kosovichev and Zharkova developed a theory that can explain how a flare, which explodes in space above the Sun's surface, can generate a major seismic wave in the Sun's interior. According to the currently accepted model of solar flares, the primary explosion creates high-energy electrons (electrically charged subatomic particles). These are funneled down into a magnetic flux tube, an invisible tube of magnetic energy, and produce X-rays, microwaves and a shock wave that heats the solar surface. Kosovichev and Zharkova developed a theory that predicts the nature and magnitude of the shock waves that this beam of energetic electrons should create when they slam down into the solar atmosphere.
Although their theory directed them to the right area to search for the seismic waves, the waves that they found were 10 times stronger than they had predicted. "They were so strong that you can see them in the raw data," Kosovichev says.
The solar seismic waves appear to be compression waves like the "P" waves generated by an earthquake. They travel throughout the Sun's interior. In fact, the waves should recombine on the opposite side of the Sun from the location of the flare to create a faint duplicate of the original ripple pattern, Kosovichev predicts.
Now that they know how to find them, the SOHO scientists say that the seismic waves generated by solar flares should allow them to verify independently some of the conditions in the solar interior that they have inferred from studying the pattern of waves that are continually ruffling the Sun's surface.
SOHO is part of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (ISTP) program, a global effort to observe and understand our star and its effects on our environment. The ISTP mission includes more than 20 satellites, coupled with ground-based observatories and modeling centers, that allow scientists to study the Sun, the Earth, and the space between them in unprecedented detail. ISTP is a joint program of NASA, ESA, Japan's Institute for Astronautical Science, and Russia's Space Research Institute.
Still images of the solar quake can be found at the following internet address:
FTP://PAO.GSFC.NASA:GOV/newsmedia/QUAKE/
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